This is an unofficial snapshot of the ISO/IEC JTC1 SC22 WG21 Core Issues List revision 115e. See http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/ for the official list.

2024-11-11

2631. Immediate function evaluations in default arguments

[Accepted as a DR at the November, 2022 meeting.]

Consider:

consteval int const_div(int a, int b) { return a / b; }
int func(int x = const_div(10, 0));

According to 7.7 [expr.const] paragraph 14:

An expression or conversion is an immediate invocation if it is a potentially-evaluated explicit or implicit invocation of an immediate function and is not in an immediate function context. An immediate invocation shall be a constant expression.

Subclause 9.3.4.7 [dcl.fct.default] paragraph 5 specifies:

The default argument has the same semantic constraints as the initializer in a declaration of a variable of the parameter type, using the copy-initialization semantics (9.4 [dcl.init]). The names in the default argument are looked up, and the semantic constraints are checked, at the point where the default argument appears. Name lookup and checking of semantic constraints for default arguments of templated functions are performed as described in 13.9.2 [temp.inst].

Checking the semantic constraints of the default argument appears to include a check whether the immediate invocation of const_div is actually a constant expression, even though the default argument's value might never actually be used for any function call in the program.

However, instantiation of a consteval function template to be able to perform the constant evaluation is not permitted per 13.9.2 [temp.inst] paragraph 11:

... The use of a template specialization in a default argument shall not cause the template to be implicitly instantiated except that a class template may be instantiated where its complete type is needed to determine the correctness of the default argument. The use of a default argument in a function call causes specializations in the default argument to be implicitly instantiated.

Example 2:

constexpr int g();
consteval int f() {
  return g();
}

int k(int x = f()) {  // error: constexpr evaluation of undefined function g
  return x;
}

constexpr int g() {
  return 42;
}

int main() {
  return k();
}

Example 3:

#include <source_location>
#include <iostream>

consteval int const_div(int a, int b) {
  return a / b;
}

#line 5
void foo(int x = const_div(1000, std::source_location::current().line() - 15)) {
  std::cout << x << "\n";
}

// Should the definition of `bar` produce errors? (division by zero during constant
// evaluation for constraint checking)
#line 10
void bar(int x = const_div(1000, std::source_location::current().line() - 10)) {
  std::cout << x << "\n";
}

int main() {
  // Should this call produce errors? (division by zero during constant
  // evaluation of the default argument)
  #line 15
  foo();
  #line 20
  bar();
}

Note that source_location::current() is specified to take its value from the location where it is evaluated, if it appears in a default argument (17.8.2.2 [support.srcloc.cons] paragraph 2):

Remarks: Any call to current that appears as a default member initializer (11.4 [class.mem]), or as a subexpression thereof, should correspond to the location of the constructor definition or aggregate initialization that uses the default member initializer. Any call to current that appears as a default argument (9.3.4.7 [dcl.fct.default]), or as a subexpression thereof, should correspond to the location of the invocation of the function that uses the default argument (7.6.1.3 [expr.call]).

Proposed resolution (September, 2022) [SUPERSEDED]:

1. Split 9.3.4.7 [dcl.fct.default] paragraph 5 and change as follows:

   The default argument has the same semantic constraints as the initializer in a declaration of a variable of the parameter type, using the copy-initialization semantics (9.4 [dcl.init]).

   A default argument context is

   • the initializer-clause in a parameter-declaration, including any conversions to the parameter type,
   • a subexpression of one of the above that is not a subexpression of a nested unevaluated operand.

   The names in the default argument are looked up, and the semantic constraints are checked, at the point where the default argument appears, except that an immediate invocation (7.7 [expr.const]) in a default argument context is neither evaluated nor checked for whether it is a constant expression at that point. Name lookup and checking of semantic constraints for default arguments of templated functions are performed as described in 13.9.2 [temp.inst].

2. Change in 13.9.2 [temp.inst] paragraph 11 as follows:

   ... The use of a template specialization in a default argument shall not cause the template to be implicitly instantiated except that a class template or a function template with a deduced return type may be instantiated where its complete type is needed to determine the correctness of the default argument. The use of a default argument in a function call causes specializations in the default argument to be implicitly instantiated.

Approved by EWG telecon 2022-09-29.

Amendment to also cover default member initializers (October, 2022) [SUPERSEDED]:

1. Split 9.3.4.7 [dcl.fct.default] paragraph 5 and change as follows:

   The default argument has the same semantic constraints as the initializer in a declaration of a variable of the parameter type, using the copy-initialization semantics (9.4 [dcl.init]).

   A default argument context of an initializer is

   • the initializer, including any conversions to the target type, or
   • a subexpression thereof that is not a subexpression of a nested unevaluated operand.

   The names in the default argument are looked up, and the semantic constraints are checked, at the point where the default argument appears, except that an immediate invocation (7.7 [expr.const]) in a default argument context of the initializer-clause in a parameter-declaration is neither evaluated nor checked for whether it is a constant expression at that point. Name lookup and checking of semantic constraints for default arguments of templated functions are performed as described in 13.9.2 [temp.inst].

2. Change in 11.4.1 [class.mem.general] paragraph 11 as follows:

   A brace-or-equal-initializer for a non-static data member specifies a default member initializer for the member, and shall not directly or indirectly cause the implicit definition of a defaulted default constructor for the enclosing class or the exception specification of that constructor. An immediate invocation (7.7 [expr.const]) in a default argument context (9.3.4.7 [dcl.fct.default]) of a default member initializer is neither evaluated nor checked for whether it is a constant expression at the point where it appears.

3. Change in 13.9.2 [temp.inst] paragraph 11 as follows:

   ... The use of a template specialization in a default argument shall not cause the template to be implicitly instantiated except that a class template or a function template with a deduced return type may be instantiated where its complete type is needed to determine the correctness of the default argument. The use of a default argument in a function call causes specializations in the default argument to be implicitly instantiated.

CWG telecon 2022-10-07:

The new term should be defined in 6.9.1 [intro.execution] without reference to immediacy.

Possible resolution [SUPERSEDED]:

1. Change in 6.9.1 [intro.execution] paragraph 4 as follows:

   A subexpression of an expression E is an immediate subexpression of E or a subexpression of an immediate subexpression of E. [ Note: ... -- end note ]

   The potentially-evaluated subexpressions of an expression, conversion, or initializer E are

   • the constituent expressions of E and
   • the subexpressions thereof that are not subexpressions of a nested unevaluated operand (7.2.3 [expr.context]).

2. Change in 7.7 [expr.const] paragraph 16 as follows:

   An expression or conversion is potentially constant evaluated if it is:

   • ...
   • a potentially-evaluated subexpression (6.9.1 [intro.execution]) of one of the above that is not a subexpression of a nested unevaluated operand (7.2.3 [expr.context]).

3. Change in 9.3.4.7 [dcl.fct.default] paragraph 5 as follows:

   The default argument has the same semantic constraints as the initializer in a declaration of a variable of the parameter type, using the copy-initialization semantics (9.4 [dcl.init]). The names in the default argument are looked up, and the semantic constraints are checked, at the point where the default argument appears, except that an immediate invocation (7.7 [expr.const]) that is a potentially-evaluated subexpression (6.9.1 [intro.execution]) of the initializer-clause in a parameter-declaration is neither evaluated nor checked for whether it is a constant expression at that point. Name lookup and checking of semantic constraints for default arguments of templated functions are performed as described in 13.9.2 [temp.inst].

4. Add a paragraph before 9.4.1 [dcl.init.general] paragraph 17 as follows:

   An immediate invocation (7.7 [expr.const]) that is not evaluated where it appears (9.3.4.7 [dcl.fct.default], 11.4.1 [class.mem.general]) is evaluated and checked for whether it is a constant expression at the point where the enclosing initializer is used in a function call, a constructor definition, or an aggregate initialization.

   An initializer-clause followed by an ellipsis is a pack expansion (13.7.4 [temp.variadic]).

5. Change in 11.4.1 [class.mem.general] paragraph 11 as follows:

   A brace-or-equal-initializer for a non-static data member specifies a default member initializer for the member, and shall not directly or indirectly cause the implicit definition of a defaulted default constructor for the enclosing class or the exception specification of that constructor. An immediate invocation (7.7 [expr.const]) that is a potentially-evaluated subexpression (6.9.1 [intro.execution]) of a default member initializer is neither evaluated nor checked for whether it is a constant expression at the point where the subexpression appears.

6. Change in 13.9.2 [temp.inst] paragraph 11 as follows:

   ... The use of a template specialization in a default argument or default member initializer shall not cause the template to be implicitly instantiated except that a templated class template , a templated function with a deduced return type, or a variable template with a deduced type may be instantiated where its complete type is needed to determine the correctness of the default argument or default member initializer. The use of a default argument in a function call causes specializations in the default argument to be implicitly instantiated. Similarly, the use of a default member initializer in a constructor definition or an aggregate initialization causes specializations in the default member initializer to be instantiated.

CWG telecon 2022-10-21:

In the above wording, "constituent expression of a conversion" is not a defined term.

Possible resolution [SUPERSEDED]:

1. Change in 6.9.1 [intro.execution] paragraph 2 as follows:

   A constituent expression is defined as follows:

   • The constituent expression of an expression is that expression.
   • The constituent expression of a conversion is the corresponding implicit function call, if any, or the converted expression otherwise.
   • The constituent expressions of a braced-init-list or of a (possibly parenthesized) expression-list are the constituent expressions of the elements of the respective list.
   • The constituent expressions of a brace-or-equal-initializer of the form = initializer-clause are the constituent expressions of the initializer-clause.

2. Change in 6.9.1 [intro.execution] paragraph 4 as follows:

   A subexpression of an expression E is an immediate subexpression of E or a subexpression of an immediate subexpression of E. [ Note: ... -- end note ]

   The potentially-evaluated subexpressions of an expression, conversion, or initializer E are

   • the constituent expressions of E and
   • the subexpressions thereof that are not subexpressions of a nested unevaluated operand (7.2.3 [expr.context]).

3. Change in 7.7 [expr.const] paragraph 16 as follows:

   An expression or conversion is potentially constant evaluated if it is:

   • ...
   • a potentially-evaluated subexpression (6.9.1 [intro.execution]) of one of the above that is not a subexpression of a nested unevaluated operand (7.2.3 [expr.context]).

4. Change in 9.3.4.7 [dcl.fct.default] paragraph 5 as follows:

   The default argument has the same semantic constraints as the initializer in a declaration of a variable of the parameter type, using the copy-initialization semantics (9.4 [dcl.init]). The names in the default argument are looked up, and the semantic constraints are checked, at the point where the default argument appears, except that an immediate invocation (7.7 [expr.const]) that is a potentially-evaluated subexpression (6.9.1 [intro.execution]) of the initializer-clause in a parameter-declaration is neither evaluated nor checked for whether it is a constant expression at that point. Name lookup and checking of semantic constraints for default arguments of templated functions are performed as described in 13.9.2 [temp.inst].

5. Add a paragraph before 9.4.1 [dcl.init.general] paragraph 17 as follows:

   An immediate invocation (7.7 [expr.const]) that is not evaluated where it appears (9.3.4.7 [dcl.fct.default], 11.4.1 [class.mem.general]) is evaluated and checked for whether it is a constant expression at the point where the enclosing initializer is used in a function call, a constructor definition, or an aggregate initialization.

   An initializer-clause followed by an ellipsis is a pack expansion (13.7.4 [temp.variadic]).

6. Change in 11.4.1 [class.mem.general] paragraph 11 as follows:

   A brace-or-equal-initializer for a non-static data member specifies a default member initializer for the member, and shall not directly or indirectly cause the implicit definition of a defaulted default constructor for the enclosing class or the exception specification of that constructor. An immediate invocation (7.7 [expr.const]) that is a potentially-evaluated subexpression (6.9.1 [intro.execution]) of a default member initializer is neither evaluated nor checked for whether it is a constant expression at the point where the subexpression appears.

7. Change in 13.9.2 [temp.inst] paragraph 11 as follows:

   ... The use of a template specialization in a default argument or default member initializer shall not cause the template to be implicitly instantiated except that a templated class template , a templated function with a deduced return type, or a variable template with a deduced type may be instantiated where its complete type is needed to determine the correctness of the default argument or default member initializer. The use of a default argument in a function call causes specializations in the default argument to be implicitly instantiated. Similarly, the use of a default member initializer in a constructor definition or an aggregate initialization causes specializations in the default member initializer to be instantiated.

CWG 2022-11-07

Expand requirement to avoid template instantiations in default arguments by not giving a specific, closed list.

Proposed resolution (approved by CWG 2022-11-08):

1. Change in 6.9.1 [intro.execution] paragraph 2 as follows:

   A constituent expression is defined as follows:

   • The constituent expression of an expression is that expression.
   • The constituent expression of a conversion is the corresponding implicit function call, if any, or the converted expression otherwise.
   • The constituent expressions of a braced-init-list or of a (possibly parenthesized) expression-list are the constituent expressions of the elements of the respective list.
   • The constituent expressions of a brace-or-equal-initializer of the form = initializer-clause are the constituent expressions of the initializer-clause.

2. Change in 6.9.1 [intro.execution] paragraph 4 as follows:

   A subexpression of an expression E is an immediate subexpression of E or a subexpression of an immediate subexpression of E. [ Note: ... -- end note ]

   The potentially-evaluated subexpressions of an expression, conversion, or initializer E are

   • the constituent expressions of E and
   • the subexpressions thereof that are not subexpressions of a nested unevaluated operand (7.2.3 [expr.context]).

3. Change in 7.7 [expr.const] paragraph 16 as follows:

   An expression or conversion is potentially constant evaluated if it is:

   • ...
   • a potentially-evaluated subexpression (6.9.1 [intro.execution]) of one of the above that is not a subexpression of a nested unevaluated operand (7.2.3 [expr.context]).

4. Change in 9.3.4.7 [dcl.fct.default] paragraph 5 as follows:

   The default argument has the same semantic constraints as the initializer in a declaration of a variable of the parameter type, using the copy-initialization semantics (9.4 [dcl.init]). The names in the default argument are looked up, and the semantic constraints are checked, at the point where the default argument appears, except that an immediate invocation (7.7 [expr.const]) that is a potentially-evaluated subexpression (6.9.1 [intro.execution]) of the initializer-clause in a parameter-declaration is neither evaluated nor checked for whether it is a constant expression at that point. Name lookup and checking of semantic constraints for default arguments of templated functions are performed as described in 13.9.2 [temp.inst].

5. Add a paragraph before 9.4.1 [dcl.init.general] paragraph 17 as follows:

   An immediate invocation (7.7 [expr.const]) that is not evaluated where it appears (9.3.4.7 [dcl.fct.default], 11.4.1 [class.mem.general]) is evaluated and checked for whether it is a constant expression at the point where the enclosing initializer is used in a function call, a constructor definition, or an aggregate initialization.

   An initializer-clause followed by an ellipsis is a pack expansion (13.7.4 [temp.variadic]).

6. Change in 11.4.1 [class.mem.general] paragraph 11 as follows:

   A brace-or-equal-initializer for a non-static data member specifies a default member initializer for the member, and shall not directly or indirectly cause the implicit definition of a defaulted default constructor for the enclosing class or the exception specification of that constructor. An immediate invocation (7.7 [expr.const]) that is a potentially-evaluated subexpression (6.9.1 [intro.execution]) of a default member initializer is neither evaluated nor checked for whether it is a constant expression at the point where the subexpression appears.

7. Change in 13.9.2 [temp.inst] paragraph 11 as follows:

   ... The use of a template specialization in a default argument or default member initializer shall not cause the template to be implicitly instantiated except that a class template may be instantiated where its complete type is needed to determine the correctness of the default argument or default member initializer. The use of a default argument in a function call causes specializations in the default argument to be implicitly instantiated. Similarly, the use of a default member initializer in a constructor definition or an aggregate initialization causes specializations in the default member initializer to be instantiated.